dp_usu `fdpf

v$f b¡ hj£ A¡L$ NpdXy$„ Adv$phpv$ il¡fdp„ cmu Åe R>¡. AÐepf ky^udp„ 70 S>¡V$gp„ NpdX$p„Ap¡ Adv$phpv$ il¡fdp„ cmu Nep„ R>¡. NpdX$p„Ap¡ cp„Nhp\u Adv$phpv$ il¡f bÞey„ R>¡. Ap 70 NpdX$p„Ap¡dp„\u d|m Npd OZp„ Ap¡R>p„ bÃep„ R>¡. S>¡ bQ¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ il¡fu k„õL©$rs kpd¡ k„Oj® L$fu füp„ R>¡. NpdX$p_u k„õL©$rs_p `pep S>¡hp„ L$gpÐdL$ dL$p_p¡ s|V$u füp„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p õ\p_¡ rkd¡ÞV$ ¾$p¢q¾$V$_p„ k`pV$ dL$p_p¡ b_u füp„ R>¡.

Adv$phpv$_p c|s`|h® BS>_¡f rhh¡L$cpC `V¡$g L$l¡ R>¡, "d|m N°pduZ k„õL©$rs kpQhu fpMhu s¡ Ap`Zu kp„õL©$rsL$ afÅ¡ lsu, `f„sy s¡d \ey„ _\u. NpdX$p„Ap¡dp„ Ap^yr_L$sp âh¡isp„ Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zu k„õL©$rs Nydphu v$u^u R>¡. 70 NpdX$p„Ap¡ Adv$phpv$ kp\¡ `|f¡`|fp„ Å¡X$pC Nep„ R>¡ A_¡ lSy> 145 NpdX$p„Ap¡ "Ap¥X$p' (Adv$phpv$ Ab®_ X¡$hg`d¡ÞV$ Ap¡\p¡qfV$u)_p _L$ipdp„ kdphu g¡hpep„ R>¡. 1872dp„ Adv$phpv$ 5.72 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f rhõspfdp„ a¡gpe¡gy„ lsy„. S>¡_¡ AÐepf¡ L$p¡V rhõspf L$l¡ R>¡. il¡f_u `p¡mp¡ A_¡ lh¡guAp¡_u ApNhu k„õL©$rs lsu. Ðepf¡ dL$p_p¡dp„ L$gp_¡ õ\p_ lsy„. lh¡ L$gp Ap^pqfs dL$p_p¡ b_sp„ _\u. S|>_p Adv$phpv$dp„ dL$p_p¡_u õ\p`ÐeL$gp lh¡ Ap¡R>u S>du_ `f h^y dL$p_p¡ b_phhp sfa Y$mu R>¡. S|>_y„ Adv$phpv$ A_¡ s¡_u õ\p`ÐeL$gp _pi `pdu füp„ R>¡. `p¡mp¡ s|V$u flu R>¡. s¡dp„ rkd¡ÞV$ ¾$p¢q¾$V$_p„ rbT_¡k k¡ÞV$f b_u füp„ R>¡. Qb|sfp¡ Adv$phpv$_u d|m k„õL©$rs_y„ âsuL$ lsp¡. lh¡ Qb|sfpAp¡ _hp Adv$phpv$dp„ õ\`psp _\u. dpÓ Qb|sfp¡ A_¡ s¡_u L$gp `f_y„ A¡L$ ApMy„ `yõsL$ \C iL¡$ s¡d R>¡. ApS>¡ Qb|sfp¡ b_phu_¡ L$gp A_¡ s¡_u `pR>m Ry>`pe¡gp ^d®_¡ Æh„s fpMhpdp„ L$p¡C_¡ fk _\u.'

5.72 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_y„ Adv$phpv$ 1881dp„ rhõsfu_¡ 5.95 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f \ey„ lsy„. 1891dp„ L$p¡V$ rhõspf_p kudpX$p `pf L$fu_¡ Adv$phpv$_u qnrsÅ¡ rhõsfhp dp„X$u lsu. dpÓ 10 hj®_p Npmpdp„ 1901dp„ Adv$phpv$_y„ L$v$ h^u_¡ b¡ NÏ„ \C Ney„ lsy„. 11.42 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_p il¡f_p¡ Ap rhL$pk_p¡ sb½$p¡ lsp¡. Ðepf\u il¡f kss rhõsfsy„ füy„ R>¡. Adv$phpv$ A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ NpdX$pAp¡_¡ Nmsy„ füy„ R>¡.

1901dp„ Adv$phpv$_y„ L$v$ 14.95 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_y„ \ey„ lsy„. 1911dp„ h^u_¡ 23.08 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f \ey„ lsy„. Np„^uÆA¡ ApTpv$u_u gX$s iê$ L$fhp Adv$phpv$_¡ dy¿e d\L$ `k„v$ L$ey¯ Ðepf¡ Adv$phpv$ il¡fdp„ fl¡hp_p bv$g¡ L$p¡Qfb _pd_p Npddp„ fl¡hp_y„ `k„v$ L$ey¯ lsy„. L$p¡Qfb Npd_p `pv$fdp„ Np„^uÆA¡ Apîd iê$ L$ep£ lsp¡.

ApS>¡ L$p¡Qfb Npd Qpf¡bpSy> KQp„ dL$p_p¡\u O¡fpC Ney„ R>¡. Npd_u L¡$V$guL$ `f„`fpAp¡ lSy> Æh„s R>¡. `Z S|>_p„ dL$p_p¡ s|V$sp„ Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p õ\p_¡ rkd¡ÞV$ ¾$p¢q¾$$V$_p„ dL$p_p¡ b_sp„ Åe R>¡. Npd_u Apk`pk Mp_Nu V²$ph¡ëk_u bkp¡_p¡ dy¿e ^„^p¡ \C Nep¡ R>¡. L$p¡Qfb Npd_p¡ A_p¡Mp¡ Brslpk lsp¡. lh¡ s¡ ^ud¡ ^ud¡ `p¡sp_y„ A[õsÐh Nydphu füy„ R>¡.

1911\u 1921_p v$peL$pdp„ Adv$phpv$_p rhL$pkdp„ fyL$phV$ Aphu NC lsu. L$p¡C `Z il¡fdp„ ^„^pfp¡S>Npf Ar_ròs b_u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ il¡f_p rhL$pkdp„ õ\qNssp Aphu Åe R>¡. gNcN Aphy„ S> Ap v$peL$pdp„ \ey„.

ApTpv$u_y„ Ap„v$p¡g_ Adv$phpv$dp„ `yfblpfdp„ Qpgsy„ lsy„. Adv$phpv$ b„^_p„ A¡gp_p¡ Ahpf_hpf Aphu `X$sp„ lsp„. Ap v$iL$pdp„ rhL$pkv$f i|Þe füp¡ lsp¡. buÅ„ 10 hj® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ 1932dp„ 25.29 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f rhõspf \ep¡ lsp¡. Adv$phpv$_p cp¥Np¡qgL$ rhL$pkdp„ Ap 10 hj® `Z _bmp„ füp„ lsp„, L$pfZ L¡$ 10 hj®dp„ 1 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_p¡ rhõspf dp„X$ h^u i¼ep¡ lsp¡.

1932dp„ rhõspf h^u_¡ 25.29 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f \ep `R>u 1941\u afu Adv$phpv$_p rhL$pk_u iê$Aps \C lsu. ÓZ v$peL$p ky^u õ\rNssp Aphu Nep `R>u iê$ \e¡gu rhL$pkNp\p ApNm h^su flu R>¡. A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ NpdX$p„Ap¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ cmsp„ Nep„ R>¡. `R>u s¡ NpdX$p„ dV$u_¡ `fp„ b_u Nep„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Npd_u S>du_ `f S>¡ dL$p_p¡ bÞep„ R>¡ s¡ rhõspf_y„ _pd Ap NpdX$p„Ap¡ `f\u S> A`pey„ R>¡.

kp¥fpô²$, L$ÃR>, DÑf NyS>fps, `„Qdlpg A_¡ v$rnZ s\p DÑf cpfs_p„ fpÄep¡dp„\u gp¡L$p¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ W$ghpsp Nep R>¡.

1941dp„ Adv$phpv$_p¡ rhõspf 52.47 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_p¡ lsp¡, S>¡ 1951dp„ h^u_¡ 70.47 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f, 1961dp„ 92.98 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f S>¡V$gp¡ \ep¡ lsp¡. ApTpv$u_u gX$s iê$ \C A_¡ dlpNyS>fps_p Ap„v$p¡g_\u dlpfpô²$\u NyS>fps AgN \ey„ A_¡ kp¥fpô²$ fpÄe NyS>fpsdp„ c¡mhu v¡$hpey„ Ðep„ ky^udp„ Adv$phpv$_p¡ rhõspf 100 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f S>¡V$gp¡ h^u Nep¡ lsp¡. 1971dp„ 110 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f rhõspf \ep¡ lsp¡. NyS>fps_u fpS>^p_u bÞep `R>u Adv$phpv$ h^y apëey„awëey„ lsy„. 1981dp„ 170 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f \ey„ lsy„. 1991dp„ 220 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f rhõspf "Ap¥X$p' kp\¡ \C Nep¡ lsp¡.

ApS>¡ 2000dp„ Adv$phpv$ çeyr_rk`g L$p¡`p¡®f¡i_ A_¡ Adv$phpv$ il¡f rhL$pk kÑpd„X$m kp\¡ 300 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f\u h^y_p¡ rhõspf b_u Ney„ R>¡. ApNpdu 10 hj®dp„ buÅ¡ 100 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f_p¡ rhõspf h^hp_p A„v$pÅ¡ s¥epf L$fpe¡gp R>¡. Ðepf¡ buÅ„ 145 S>¡V$gp„ h^y NpdX$p„Ap¡_y„ il¡fuL$fZ \C Ney„ li¡.

2000 ky^udp„ S>¡ 70 NpdX$p„Ap¡ Adv$phpv$dp„ cmu Nep„ R>¡ A¡dp„ fpeMX$, S>dpg`yf, `pgX$u, L$p¡Qfb, dpv$g`yf, hpkZp, _hf„N`yfp, duW$pMmu, _pfZ`yfp, hpX$S>, kpbfdsu, dp^h`yfp, Akpfhp, _fp¡X$p, dyqW$ep, kfk`yf, `p¡V$qgep, ApõV$p¡qX$ep, Ly$b¡f_Nf, k¥S>`yf, bp¡Op, frMepg, Np¡dsu`yf, fpS>`yf, cpC`yfp, AdfpChpX$u, r_L$p¡g, Ap¡Y$h, dl¡dv$phpv$, Mp¡Mfp, bl¡fpd`yfp, v$pZugudX$p, fpZu`, bpN¡ qafv$p¡k, hV$hp, Bk_`yf, hp¢Q, OpV$gp¡qX$ep, Å¡^`yf, d¡d_Nf, h÷p`yf, bp¡X$L$v¡$h, L$pmuNpd, Np¡sp, bp¡`g, Ly$v$p, fpdp¡g, gp„cp, h÷pg, S>¡s`yf, cygphX$u, kp¡gp, kfM¡S>, h¡S>g`yf, lp\uS>Z, Ap¡NZS>, L$pkuÞÖp, L$v$p, `l¡gpg, Akgpgu, cpV$ S>¡hp„ Npdp¡ R>¡.

Adv$phpv$_p¡ rhõspf h^pfhp dpV¡$ buÅ„ A_¡L$ NpdX$p„Ap¡_p¡ cp¡N g¡hpi¡. ApNpdu 10 hj®dp„ Adv$phpv$ 92\u 100 Qp¡fk qL$gp¡duV$f rhõspfdp„ rhõsfu Q|¼ey„ li¡. Ðepf¡ 145 S>¡V$gp„ NpdX$p„Ap¡ A\hp NpdX$p„_u S>du_p¡ `f Adv$phpv$_u dlp_Nf`prgL$p_y„ ipk_ li¡.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?