dp_usu `fdpf

c¡V$kp¡Npv$p¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ NyS>fps_p â^p_p¡ A_¡ Ar^L$pfuAp¡_p„ d|ëep¡ bv$gpep„ R>¡. kfL$pfu Ar^L$pfuAp¡ qv$hpmu_p sl¡hpf v$frdep_ `p¡sp_p Of_p v$fhpÅ Myëgp fpM¡ R>¡, `f„sy L¡$V$gpL$ â^p_p¡ bpf¡ dpk c¡V$kp¡Npv$p¡ A_¡ _pZp„ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p„ bpfZp„ Myëgp„ fpM¡ R>¡. d|ëehp_ hõsy_u c¡V$ AhNZhp_y„ d_ A¡d_¡ \sy„ _\u.

L$pev$p A_¡ r_ed âdpZ¡, d__¡ ggQph_pfu dp¢Ou c¡V$kp¡Npv$p¡ õhuL$pfhp kpd¡ NyS>fps_p Ar^L$pfuAp¡ A_¡ â^p_p¡_¡ d_pC R>¡. dp_p¡ L¡$ L$p¡C NyS>fps fpÄe âÐe¡_p â¡d_¡ ìe¼s L$fhp dpV¡$ â^p_p¡_¡ dp¢Ou c¡V$ Ap`¡ sp¡ c¡V$ õhuL$pf_pf s¡ â^p_¡ kfL$pfu MÅ_pdp„ A¡ c¡V$ S>dp L$fphhu `X¡$ R>¡. Np„^u_Nf Mps¡ krQhpge_p _pZp rhcpNdp„ Ap dpV¡$ AgN ipMp R>¡, S>¡_¡ "sp¡kpMp_p' sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

sp¡kpMp_pdp„ sdpd â^p_p¡ A_¡ sdpd kfL$pfu L$d®QpfuAp¡A¡ dp¢Ou c¡V$_u hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphu v¡$hu `X$su lp¡e R>¡. fpÄe_p dy¿e â^p_p¡ A_¡ â^p_p¡dp„\u OZp Ap¡R>p â^p_p¡A¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ c¡V$p¡ S>dp L$fphu_¡ fpÄe_u âÅ âÐe¡ _¥rsL$ A_¡ L$p_|_u hapv$pfu bsphu R>¡.

sp¡kpMp_pdp„ kp¥â\d `p¡sp_¡ dm¡gu c¡V$ fpÄe_u âÅ_¡ kdr`®s L$f_pf kfL$pf_p A¡L$ Ar^L$pfu lsp. 1964_u 26 Ap¡NõV$¡ A¡d.ku. v¡$kpC _pd_p X¡$àeyV$u k¡¾¡$V$fuA¡ `p¡sp_¡ dm¡gu Qp„v$u_u hõsyAp¡_u c¡V$ kfL$pf_p sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu. Apd NyS>fps kfL$pf_p sp¡kpMp_p_u iê$Aps \C lsu. fpS>L$pfZuAp¡ sfa\u â\d c¡V$ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fph_pf _pZpMpsp_p _peb â^p_ lsp. 1965_u 17 d¡A¡ A¡dZ¡ Qp„v$u_u S>fuhpmu ipg kfL$pfdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu. A¡[¼T¼eyqV$h A¡[ÞS>r_ef hu.bu. `V¡$g¡ 1966_u 26 A¡râg¡ A¡L$ Qp„v$u_y„ hpkZ S>dp L$fph¡gy„.

dp¢Ou hõsy S>dp L$fphhp_p¡ Qugp¡ `pX$_pf X¡$àeyV$u ape_pÞk rdq_õV$f dpgv¡$hÆ Ap¡X¡$v$fp lsp. A¡d_y„ hs_ `p¡fb„v$f-Ly$rsepZp lsy„. Ap¡S>s b„^_p Dv¹$OpV$_ L$pe®¾$d hMs¡ 1967dp„ s¡d_¡ Qp„v$u_p¡ rÓL$d c¡V$dp„ A`pep¡ lsp¡. rÓL$d kMs dpV$u Mp¡v$hpdp„ hp`fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Qp„v$u_p rÓL$d\u s¡dZ¡ b„^_p¡ `pep¡ Mp¡Ûp¡ lsp¡. Qp„v$u_p rÓL$d_u ApS>¡ Ad|ëe A¡hu A¡[ÞV$L$ h¡ëey dmu iL¡$ s¡d lsu, `f„sy kfL$pfu Ar^L$pfuAp¡A¡ Ap rÓL$d_¡ lfpÆ\u h¡Qu dpep£ R>¡. hpõshdp„ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ dmsu hõsyAp¡_u 100 hj® `R>u OZu dp¡V$u A¡[ÞV$L$ h¡ëey Ecu \C iL¡$ A¡d R>¡. sp¡kpMp_p_u dp¡V$p cpN_u hõsyAp¡_p¡ r_L$pg L$fu v¡$hpep¡ R>¡. kfL$pfu Ar^L$pfuAp¡A¡ A_¡L$ hMs sp¡kpMp_p_u dp¢Ou A_¡ A¡[ÞV$L$ h¡ëey ^fphsu hõsyAp¡_y„ Ap¡R>u ârkrÙA¡ qggpd L$ey¯ R>¡ A_¡ NS>hp cep¯ R>¡.

sp¡kpMp_pdp„ kp¥\u h^y S>dp \e¡gu hõsyAp¡ Qp„v$u_u L$psfp¡ A_¡ Dv¹$OpV$_dp„ v$uhp¡ âNV$phhp A_¡ d|L$hp dpV¡$ h`fpsp„ Qp„v$u_p„ g¡gp„ R>¡. â^p_p¡ Dv¹$OpV$_p¡ L$fhp Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>¡ L$psf\u qfqb_ L$p`hpdp„ Aphu lp¡e s¡ Qp„v$u_u L$psf â^p_p¡_¡ c¡V$dp„ Ap`u v¡$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Aphu 35 S>¡V$gu Qp„v$u_u L$psfp¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p â^p_p¡A¡ S>dp L$fphu R>¡. Å¡L¡$ A¡L$ â^p_ hj£ kf¡fpi 125\u 175 S>¡V$gp„ _p_p„-dp¡V$p„ Dv¹$OpV$_p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Dv¹$OpV$_p¡dp„ dmsu Qp„v$u_u v$uhX$uAp¡ A_¡ L$psf â^p_p¡ dp¡V$p cpN¡ `p¡sp_p Ofc¡Nu L$f¡ R>¡. Mf¡Mf sp¡ Ap c¡V$ fpÄe_u dprgL$u_u R>¡.

Å¡L¡$ âpdprZL$sp_y„ Dv$plfZ `|fy„ `pX$hp dpV¡$ `Z OZp â^p_p¡ `p¡sp_¡ dmsu sdpd hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu v¡$ R>¡. fpS>L$p¡V$_p hs_u A_¡ `|h® Apfp¡Áe â^p_ õh. hëgccpC `V¡$g¡ 1968dp„ N°¡qhV$u OqX$epm `Z sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu v$u^u lsu. hëgccpC `V¡$g dp¡V$p cpN¡ c¡Vkp¡Npv$p¡ g¡hp_p¡ B_L$pf L$fu v¡$sp lsp. `p¡sp_¡ dm¡gu Nfd ipg `Z s¡dZ¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu v$u^u lsu.

cph_Nf rS>ëgp `„Qpes_p A¡[¼T¼eyqV$h A¡[ÞS>r_ef S>¡.A¡d. v¡$kpCA¡ 1969dp„ 21 ÅÞeyApfuA¡ 5 N°pd kp¡_p_u h]V$u sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu. 1960dp„ NyS>fps AgN fpÄe bÞe„y `R>u 10 hj®dp„ QuS>hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fph_pfp 37 âpdprZL$ _pNqfL$p¡ lsp. 8 Sy>gpC, 1969dp„ dy¿e â^p_ rls¡ÞÖ v¡$kpCA¡ A¡hf¡X$u L„$`_u_u V$p¡Q® sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu.

Np¡f^_cpC Qp¡MphpgpA¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ Qp„v$u_u L$p¡v$pmu S>dp L$fphu lsu. 1970dp„ S>ih„s dl¡spA¡ Qp„v$u_u A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphu lsu. qv$ëlu Mps¡ NyS>fps kfL$pf_p gpe¡T_ Ar^L$pfu sfuL¡$ L$pd L$fsp A¡_.A¡d. Å_uA¡ 1970dp„ L$p„X$pOqX$epm S>dp L$fphu lsu. 1972dp„ O_íepd Ap¡TpA¡ Qp„v$u_u L$psf S>dp L$fphu lsu. fsycpC Av$pZu, W$pL$p¡f `V¡$g hN¡f¡A¡ \p¡X$uOZu hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphu lsu.

kp¥\u h^y Dv¹$OpV$_p¡ L$fhpdp„ NyS>fps_y„ fpS>ch_ ApNm R>¡. Nh_£k hsu lÅfp¡ Dv¹$OpV$_p¡ \ep„ R>¡. Dv¹$OpV$_p¡, kÞdp_ kdpf„cp¡ A_¡ b\®X¡$ `pV$} h¡mpA¡ A_¡L$ fpÄe`pgp¡_¡ k¢L$X$p¡ dp¢Ou hõsyAp¡ c¡V$dp„ dmsu lp¡e R>¡. dp¡V$p cpN_p gpgQy fpÄe`pgp¡ fpÄe_p sp¡kpMp_pdp„ dp¢Ou hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphhp_¡ bv$g¡ lp¡Øp¡ R>p¡X$su hMs¡ c¡V$kp¡Npv$p¡_¡ V²$L$p¡dp„ _pMu_¡ Of¡ gC Nep R>¡. 1974dp„ fpÄe`pg_p A„Ns dv$v$_ui L¡$. kspfphpgpA¡ L$ÃR> çeyqTed sfa\u c¡V$dp„ dm¡gu L$gpÐdL$ k|X$u, R>fu A_¡ Qà`y fpÄe`pg hsu S>dp L$fpìep„ lsp„. buÅ L$p¡C fpÄe`pg¡ dp¢Ou hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphu lp¡hp_y„ ÅZu iL$pey„ _\u. L$rdi_f A¡k. L¡$. N„Np¡`pÝepe¡ 1974dp„ kuv$u k¥ev$_u Qp„v$u_u f¡[àgL$p S>dp L$fphu R>¡. Adv$phpv$dp„ v$f hj£ Aphu 1700 S>¡V$gu Qp„v$u_u f¡[àgL$p fpS>L$pfZuAp¡ A_¡ Ar^L$pfuAp¡ c¡V$dp„ d¡mh¡ R>¡.

dp¢Ou QuS>hõsyAp¡ fpÄe_u âÅ_p "sp¡kpMp_p'dp„ S>dp L$fphhp_p¡ rh¾$d bpbycpC S>kcpC `V¡$g_¡ _pd¡ R>¡. 1975dp„ Qp„v$u_u L$psf, 1970dp„ qaTu_p õhps„Ôe_p¡ Qp„v$u_p¡ rk½$p¡ A_¡ A¡qgTpb¡\-2_p¡ rk½$p¡ A¡dZ¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fpìep„ lsp„. â^p_ _hu_Q„Ö bpfp¡V¡$ Qp„v$u_y„ hS>_v$pf g¡gy„ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fpìey„ lsy„. h_ â^p_ Q„vy$cpC v¡$idyM¡ 1977dp„ Qp cfhp dpV¡$_y„ \dp£k S>dp L$fpìey„ lsy„. bpbycpC `V¡$g¡ Np„^uÆ_y„ _p_p L$v$_y„ Qp„v$u_y„ `|smy„ `Z sp¡kpMp_pdp„ Ap`u v$u^y„ lsy„. Qp„v$u_p„ \pmu-hpV$L$p `Z sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fph_pfpAp¡ R>¡. 1981_u 16 Ap¡¼V$p¡bf¡ Ly$rsepZp_p rhS>ev$pk dl„s¡ gp¡M„X$_u 3 awV$ gp„bu sghpf sp¡kpMp_pdp„ Ap`u lsu. 1983_u 20du qX$k¡çbf¡ dp^htkl kp¡g„L$uA¡ ÓZ _p_p„ `|smp„ ^fphsu qkfpqdL$_u awgv$p_u sp¡kpMp_pdp„ dp¡L$gphu v$u^u lsu. Ðepf¡ s¡_u qL„$ds ê$. 8 lÅf S>¡V$gu lsu. c|s`|h® dy¿e â^p_ Adftkl Qp¥^fuA¡ 1986_u 16du qX$k¡çbf¡ õV¡$_g¡k õV$ug_p¡ OX$p¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ Apàep¡ lsp¡. `u.L¡$. gl¡fuA¡ Np„^uÆ_u v$p„X$uepÓp_p¡ dp¡d¡ÞV$p¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fpìep¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ 12 _p_p A_¡ 7 dp¡V$p L$v$_p v$p„X$uepÓuAp¡ R>¡. 1990dp„ dp^htkl kp¡g„L$uA¡ 100 N°pd Qp„v$u_u L$psf sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu. iy„ Ap rkhpe ApS> ky^udp„ s¡d_¡ L$p¡C c¡V$ _\u dmu?

Qud_cpC `V¡$g¡ 1991\u 18 hMs Sy>v$u Sy>v$u hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu R>¡. dy¿e â^p_ sfuL¡$ kp¥\u h^y hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphhp_p¡ s¡d_p¡ rh¾$d R>¡. Qp„v$u_p„ hpkZp¡, r`Ñm_p¡ _p_p¡ Op¡X$p¡, dlpfpZp âsp`_u ârsdp, L©$óZ_p¡ f\ S>¡hu hõsyAp¡ s¡dZ¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu lsu.

1997_u 16du ÅÞeyApfuA¡ rhhpv$põ`v$ ApB.A¡.A¡k. Ar^L$pfu Ly$. õhps„Ó L¡$. i¡j_¡ Qp„v$u_u L¡$V$guL$ hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu R>¡. A¡dZ¡ A¡hu qfdpL®$ gMu lsu L¡$ "`u`phphhpmp r_qMg Np„^uA¡ qv$hpmu `f dp¡L$gph¡gu hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphy„ Ry>„.' r_qMg Np„^uA¡ Qp„v$u_u dp¢Ou hõsyAp¡ A_¡L$ k_v$u Ar^L$pfuAp¡_¡ qv$hpmu `f dp¡L$gphu lsu.

sp¡kpMp_pdp„ kp¥\u dp¢Ou c¡V$ 243 N°pd_p¡ kp¡_p_p¡ dyLy$V$ R>¡. 1998_u 16du A¡râg¡ Ap dyLy$V$ lpg_p dy¿e â^p_ L¡$iycpC `V¡$g_¡ Ål¡f kÞdp_ h¡mpA¡ `l¡fphhpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. kp¡_p_p¡ dyLy$V$ NyS>fps kfL$pf_u V²¡$Tfudp„ d|L$u v¡$hpep¡ R>¡. Å¡L¡$ buÅ dy¿e â^p_p¡_u S>¡d L¡$iycpC `Z s¡d_¡ c¡V$dp„ dm¡gu sdpd d|ëehp_ L$gpÐdL$ hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphsp _\u. L¡$iycpC_u kfL$pf_¡ E\gphu_¡ Q|„V$pep hNf kÑp `f QY$u b¡W¡$gp c|s`|h® dy¿e â^p_ i„L$ftkl hpO¡gp_p _pd¡ L$p¡C hõsy sp¡kpMp_pdp„ _\u. i„L$ftkl hpO¡gp_¡ Np¢X$gdp„ s¡d_p hS>_ (82 qL$gp¡) S>¡V$gu Qp„v$u\u sp¡gu_¡ 82 rL$gp¡ Qp„v$u c¡V$dp„ Ap`hpdp„ Aphu lsu. Ap Qp„v$u sp¡kpMp_pdp„ lp¡hu Å¡Csu lsu. `Z s¡ ¼ep„ R>¡ s¡_u Mbf L$p¡C_¡ _\u.

fpÄe_p dy¿e â^p_p¡ A_¡ â^p_p¡ dp¢Ou c¡V$p¡ d¡mh¡ R>¡ s¡ kfL$pfu r_hpkõ\p_p¡_p ip¡L¡$kdp„ d|L$u fpM¡ R>¡. kÑpL$pm `|fp¡ \pe Ðepf¡ c¡V$dp„ d¡mh¡gu hõsyAp¡ `p¡sp_p Of_p dpgkpdp__u kp\¡ cfu_¡ Ofc¡Nu L$f¡ R>¡. c¡V$dp„ dm¡gu hõsyAp¡dp„\u sp¡ 0.01 V$L$p¡ hõsyAp¡ `Z â^p_p¡ S>dp L$fphsp _\u. Apfp¡Áe â^p_ Aip¡L$ cË$ 4 hMs â^p_ \ep R>¡, `f„sy s¡dZ¡ A¡L$`Z hMs L$udsu hõsy sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphu _\u. _pZp â^p_ hSy>cpC hpmpA¡ 1999_p dpQ® drl_p_u `l¡gu spfuM¡ qkëhf V²$p¡au S>dp L$fphu R>¡.

1964\u 1980 ky^u OZu hõsyAp¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp \C lsu. 1995 `R>u sp¡kpMp_pdp„ v$f hj£ cpÁe¡ S> A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hõsyAp¡ S>dp \C R>¡. AÐepf ky^udp„ 167 hMs 60 S>¡V$gp fpS>L$pfZuAp¡A¡ `p¡sp_¡ c¡V$dp„ dm¡gu hõsyAp¡ S>dp L$fphu R>¡. S>¡dp„ kp¡_p_u hõsyAp¡ OZu Ap¡R>u R>¡. sp¡kpMp_p_u dp¡V$p cpN_u hõsyAp¡_¡ h¡Qu v¡$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

AÐepf¡ sp¡kpMp_p_p 60 Qp¡fk awV$ dp¡V$p gp¡M„X$_p L$bpV$dp„ 340 S>¡V$gu hõsyAp¡ fpMhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. S>¡dp„ kfv$pf hëgccpC `V¡$g_u lõspnfhpmu 9 Qp¡fk awV$ L$v$_u ä¡d kp\¡_u skhuf `Z R>¡. Qp„v$u_p¡ gp¡V$p¡, Qp„v$u_p¡ qX$_f k¡V$, d„qv$f_u ârsL©$qs, Np„^uÆ_u v$p„X$uepÓuAp¡_u ârsL©$rs `Z Al] R>¡.

sp¡kpMp_pdp„ O_íepd Ap¡TpA¡ 103 N°pd_y„ Qp„v$u_y„ Qphu kp\¡_y„ spmy„ S>dp L$fph¡gy„ R>¡ s¡ ApS>¡ `Z sp¡kpMp_pdp„ R>¡. Al] L¡$V$guL$ L$p„X$pOqX$epm$p¡ `Z R>¡. ê$. 500\u ê$. 7,000 ky^u_p„ Qp„v$u_p„ g¡gp„ `Z AÐepf¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ R>¡. â\d hN®_p kfL$pfu L$d®Qpfu_¡ ê$. 5 lÅf_u c¡V$ dm¡ sp¡ s¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphhu `X¡$ R>¡. `Z Ar^L$pfuAp¡ L$udsu Of¡Zp„, Bg¡¼V²$p¡r_L$ hõsyAp¡, L$u$dsu L$`X$p„, L$pf, g¡àV$p¡` L$çàeyV$f S>¡hp„ kp^_p¡ d¡mhsp„ Åe R>¡, `f„sy L$pev$p âdpZ¡ s¡d_¡ sp¡kpMp_pdp„ S>dp L$fphsp _\u.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?