_ZmoO Im{SbH$a
^maV gaH$ma Ho$ "nÙ ^yfU' Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ "gañdVr gå_mZ' O¡go ~‹S>o nwañH$ma nmZo dmbo S>m°. h[ad§e am` ~ƒZ H$s gm{hË` OJV _| AnZr EH$ AbJ nhMmZ WrŸ&
grYo gab eãXm| H$mo H${dVm H$o nmÌ _o§ SmbH$a g{hË` a{gH$mo§ H$mo "H$mì` ag' MImZo dmbo {h§Xr H$o gwà{gÕ H${d Sm°.h{ad§e am` ~ÀMZ H$o {ZYZ H$o gmW hr {h§Xr H${dVm H$o EH$ `wJ H$m AdgmZ hmo J`m &
àIa Nm`mdmX Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ àJ{VdmX H$o à_wI ñV§^ _mZo OmZo dmbo Sm°. ~ÀMZ Zo b§~r ~r_mar H$o ~mX e{Zdma amV 96 df© H$r AdñWm _o§ A§{V_ gm§g br & CZH$o {ZYZ H$o gmW hr H$ar~ nm§M XeH$ VH$ ~hr H${dVm H$r EH$ AbJ Ymam gyI J`r &
Bbmhm~mX Ho$ nmg EH$ Jm§d _| OÝ_
Sm°.h{ad§e am` ~ÀMZ H$m OÝ_ 27 Zd§~a 1907 H$mo à`mJ (Bbmhm~mX) H$o nmg A_moTm Jm§d _o§ hwAm Wm & CZH$r àma§{^H$ {ejm Jm§d H$s gaH$mar nmRembm, H$m`ñW nmRembm Am¡a ~mX H$r nTmB© JdZ©_o§Q B§Q>a H$mboO, Bbmhm~mX Am¡a H$mer {h§Xy {dœ{dÚmb` _o§ hwB© &
dh 1941 go 1952 VH$ Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb` _o§ A§J«oOr H$o ì`m»`mVm aho & CÝhmo§Zo 1952 go 1954 VH$ B§½b¢S _o§ ah H$a H$¡{å~«O {dœ{dÚmb` go nrEMSr H$r {SJ«r àmßV H$r &
H¡$på~«O go A§J«oOr _| S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> H$s na gm{hË` aMZm {hÝXr _| H$aZm C{MV g_Pm
em`X H$_ hr bmoJmo§ H$mo nVm hmoJm {H$ {h§Xr H$o Bg {dÛmZ Zo H$¡{å~«O {díd{dÚmb` go {d{b`_ H$sQ²g H$o H$m_ na emoY H$a nrEMSr H$r
{SJ«r àmßV H$r Am¡a Eogm H$aZo dmbo dh nhbo ^maVr` aho &
H$¡{å~«O {dœ{dÚmb` go A§J«oOr gm{hË` _o§ SmŠQaoQ H$r Cnm{Y boZo H$o ~mX CÝhmo§Zo {h§Xr H$mo ^maVr` OZ H$r AmË_m H$r ^mfm _mZVo hwE Cgr _o§ gm{hË` g¥OZ H$m \¡ gbm {H$`m Am¡a AmOrdZ {h§Xr gm{hË` H$m g_¥Õ H$aZo _o§ bJo aho &
Bbmhm~mX {d.{d._| àmÜ`mnH$, {dXoe _§Ìmb` H$s Zm¡H$ar
H$¡{å~«O go bm¡QH$a CÝhmo§Zo EH$ df© AnZo nyd© nX (Bbmhm~mX {díd{dÚmb` _o§ A§J«oOr H$o ì`m»`mVm) na H$m_ {H$`m & CÝhm|Zo H$wN _mh VH$ AmH$medmUr H$o Bbmhm~mX H$o§Ð _o§ ^r H$m_ {H$`m &
S>m°.~ƒZ 16 df© VH$ {X„r _o§ aho Am¡a ~mX _o§ Xg df© VH$ {dXoe _§Ìmb`
_o§ {h§Xr {deofk H$o nX na aho & {h§Xr H$o Bg AmYw{ZH$ JrVH$ma H$mo amÁ`g^m _o§ Nh df© H$o {b`o {deof gXñ` H$o ê$n _o§ _ZmoZrV {H$`m J`m
Wm &
df© 1972 go 82 VH$ dh AnZo XmoZmo§ nwÌmo§ A{_Vm^ Am¡a A{OVm^ H$o
nmg {X„r Am¡a ~§~B© _o§ ahVo Wo & ~mX _o§ dh {X„r Mbo J`o Am¡a Jwb_moha nmH$© _o§ AnZo Ka "gmonmZ' _§o ahZo bJo &
{bIm Vmo ~hþV na "_Ywembm' H$s ~mV hr Hw$N> Am¡a Wr
Vrg H$o XeH$ go 1983 VH$ {h§Xr H$mì` Am¡a gm{hË` H$r godm _o§ bJo
aho lr ~ÀMZ Ûmam 1935 _o§ {bIr J`r "_Ywembm' {h§Xr H$mì` H$r
H$mbO`r aMZm _mZr OmVr h¡ & Am_ bmoJmo§ H$o g_P _o§ Am gH$Zo dmbr
"_Ywembm' H$mo AmO ^r JwZJwZm`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a O~ IwX Sm°.~ÀMZ
Bgo Jm H$a ñd`§ gwZmVo Wo Vmo _mhm¡b AX²^wV hmo OmVm Wm &
S>m°. ~ƒZ Zo eam~ Am¡a _`ImZo H$o _mÜ`_ go ào_,gm¡§X`©,XwI-XX© ,_¥Ë`w Am¡a OrdZ H$r g^r Pm§{H$`mo§ H$mo eãXm| H$r MmeZr _o§ bnoQ H$a Iy~gyaVr go
noe {H$`m & CÝhmo§Zo h_oem Am_ AmX_r H$o {b`o gab ^mfm _o§ {bIm & _Ywembm H$o ~mX go H$mì` _o§ gab ^mfm H$m ~moY hwAm & Sm°.~ÀMZ {H$gr gm{hË` Am§XmobZ go Zhr§ OwSo Am¡a ha {dYm H$mo AnZm`m &
.."a§J ~ago ^rJo MwZa dmbr..' O¡go JrVm| na ^r Mbr H$b_
`e MmonSm H$r {\ ë_ "{gb{gbm' H$m gwna{hQ JrV " a§J ~ago ^rJo MwZa dmbr, a§J ~ago' CZH$r amo_m§{QH$ H$b_ H$r H$hmZr H$hVm h¡ & CÝhmo§Zo "A{½ZnW' g{hV H$wN {\ ë_mo§ H$o {b`o JrV {bIo &
nwañH$mam| H$s H$_r Zht ahr
Sm°.~ÀMZ H$mo CZH$r H$¥{V " Xmo MÅmZ§o' na 1968 _o§ {hÝXr H${dVm H$m gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma {_bm & {~Sbm \ mC§SoeZ Zo CZH$r AmË_H$Wm H$o {bE CÝho§ gañdVr gå_mZ {X`m Wm Am¡a 1968 _o§ hr CÝho§ "gmo{d`V b¢S, Zohê$$Am¡a E\«$mo E{e`mB© gå_obZ H$o H$_b nwañH$ma' go ^r ZdmOm J`m Wm & gm{hË` gå_obZ Zo CÝho§ "gm{hË` dmMñn{V nwañH$ma' {X`m & amï´>n{V Zo nÙ ^yfU nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV {H$`m &
XeH$mo§ VH$ {h§Xr H$r godm H$aZo dmbo Sm°.~ÀMZ H$mo CZH$r AmË_H$Wm na 1991 _o§ H$o H$o {~Sbm \ mC§SoeZ H$r Amoa go VrZ bmI én`o H$m g~go ~Sm "gañdVr gå_mZ' nwañH$ma {X`m J`m &
Sm°.~ÀMZ Zo AnZo H$mì`H$mb H$o Ama§^ go 1983 VH$ H$B© loîR H${dVmE§ {bIr§ {OZ_o§ {h§Xr H${dVm H$mo Z`m Am`m_ XoZo dmbr "_Ywembm' g~go bmoH${à` _mZr OmVr h¡ & CZH$o g_J« H${dVm g§J«h _o§ _Ywembm go boH$a _YwH$be,{Zem {Z_§ÌU, AmH$wb A§Va,~§Jmb H$m H$mb ,ImXr H$o \yb,Yma H$o BYa-CYa, {Ì^§{J_m , ~hwV {XZ ~rVo ,Omb g_oQm, àU` n{ÌH$m, EH$m§V g§JrV {_bZ, `m{_Zr , ~wY ,ZmMKa,gyV H$r _mbm, AmaVr Am¡a A§Jmao Am{X à_wI h¢ & Sm°.~ÀMZ H$r H${dVmAmo§ Zo h_oem g^r àd¥{ËV`mo§ H$m à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m &
AnZmo§ H$o ~rM ~m~yOr H$ho OmZo dmbo Sm°.~ÀMZ H$r VrZ I§Smo§ H$r AmË_H$Wm Am¡a Zm¡ I§Smoo§ _o§ ~ÀMZ aMZmdbr àH$m{eV hwB© h¡ &
EH$ Amoa CÝhmo§Zo _hmZ A§J«oOr ZmQH$H$ma eoŠgnr`a H$o XwIm§V ZmQH$mo§
H$m {hÝXr AZwdmX {H$`m Vmo Xygar "Mm¡§gR ê$gr H${dVmE§' H$o Zm_ go
ê$gr H${dVmAmo§ H$m {h§Xr g§J«h àH$m{eV {H$`m &
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ g^r "dmX' Nw>E na "{Z{d©dmX' aho
CZH$r H${dVmAmo§ _o§ Ama§{^H$ Nm`mdmX Am¡a ahñ`dmX, àJ{VdmX,
à`moJdmX Am¡a Z`r H${dVmAm| H$m EH$ gmW g_mdoe ahm & ghOVm Am¡a
g§doXZerbVm CZH$r H${dVm H$m {deof JwU _mZm J`m & CÝhmo§Zo {Z^uH$Vm H$o gmW Y¡`© Am¡a gÀMmB© _o§ AnZr grYr gmYr ^mfm Am¡a e¡br _o§ ghO Am¡a H$ënZmerbVm go AmoVàmoV H${dVmE§ {bIr§ & CÝhmo§Zo Ord§V {~§~mo§ H$mo gOm H$a {h§Xr H$mo H$B© Eogo AZyRo JrV {X`o Omo AmO ^r {h§Xr H$mì` H$mo ^r g_¥Õ H$a aho h¢ &
Zohê$-Jm§Yr ImZXmZ go H$ar~r [aíVo
Sm°.~ÀMZ H$o Jm§Yr-Zohê$$ n{adma go ZOXrH$r g§~§Y aho & Sm°.~ÀMZ H$o
nyd© àYmZ_§Ìr n§{SV Odmha bmb Zohê$ Am¡a {\ a B§{Xam Jm§Yr go AÀNo
g§~§Y aho & CZH$o nwÌ A{_Vm^ H$o g§O` Am¡a amOrd go XmoñVmZm g§~§Y Wo Ÿ& $
{X„r _o§ S>m°. ~ƒZ Ho$ {Zdmg na H${d, boIH$,gm{hË`H$mamo§ Am¡a nÌH$mamo§ H$m h_oem O_mdSm ahm &
Am¡a nwÌ A{_Vm^ ~ÀMZ Ho$ {à` H${d ^r ..
A{_Vm^ ~ÀMZ H$o bmoH${à`Vm H$r ~wb§Xr na hmoZo H$o ~mX ^r h{ad§e
am` H$mo h_oem go hr Sm°.~ÀMZ H$h H$a ~wbm`m OmVm ahm & A{_Vm^
^r H$B© gmd©O{ZH$ Adgamo§ na CZH$r H${dVmE§ nTVo , {OZ_o§ \ a_mBe H$o gmW _Ywembm Oê$a hmoVr bo{H$Z A{_Vm^ H$o ímãXm| _o§ CZH$o {nVm H$r EH$ H${dVm OrdZ H$o Agbr a§J H$mo àX{e©V H$aVr h¡-
OrdZ H$r AmnmYmnr _§o
H$~ dº$$ {_bm
H$wN ~¡R gmoM gH$y§
A~ VH$ Omo H$hm
{H$`m _mZm
Cg_o§ Š`m ^bm~wam &
dmVm©