o[N>b{ _hrZ{ O] _¢ \«$m§g _| Wm, V] _¢Z{ àYmZ_§Ìr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r Am¡a [moH$ñVmZ H{$ VËH$mbrZ Mr\$ E·Or·`yoQ>d Am°\$rga (A] amï>[oV) [ad{O _wea©\$ H$s àñVmodV _wbmH$mV H{$ ]ma{ _| gwZm$& V] _¢ \«$m§grgr ]pñV`m| H$s gÎmm ^maVr` g§K H$m{ gm¢[{ OmZ{ Am¡a ode{fH$a EH$ g§`wº$ ì`dñWm ]Zm`{ OmZ{ H$s g§^mdZm [a \«$m§grgr odX{e _§Ìmb` H{$ amOZn`H$ Ao^b{ImJma _| H$m_ H$a ahm Wm$&
CZ [wamZr Yyb ob[Q>r \$mBbm| H$m{ [T>V{ g_` _{a{ oX_mJ _{§ H$í_ra H$m I`mb Am`m, ImgH$a og`mnMZ ½b{oe`a H$m$& ·`m 1947 _| \«$m§g Ûmam V¡`ma oH$`{ J`{ Hw$N> hb dmO[{`r-_wea©\$ dmVm© _| C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$V{ h¢? AmOmXr H{$ ]mX H{$ Hw$N> _hrZm| _| \«$m§g Z{ [m§oS>M{ar H{$ _m_b{ _| ^maV Am¡a \«$m§g H{$ ]rM g§`wº$ oZ`§ÌU [a odMma oH$`m Wm$& eãXH$m{e H{$ AZwgma "g§`w·V oZ`§ÌU oH$gr amÁ` `m j{Ì H$m g§`w·V ñdmo_Ëd `m emgZ AWdm Xm{ (`m Á`mXm) X{em| Ûmam emgZ hm{Vm h¡$&'
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_mM© 1947 _| o]«Q{Z Z{ Km{fUm H$s Wr oH$ d{ 1948 H{$ _Ü` VH$ ^maV N>m{S> X|J{$& ^maV H{$ bm{Jm| _§{ Bg I]a g{ ]hþV Iwer Am¡a CËgmh hm{V{ hþE ^r BgZ{ ogaXX© [¡Xm oH$`{ Am¡a [{nag _| amOZo`H$m| H$s amVm| H$s ZtX CS>m Xr Wr$& AMmZH$, \«$m§g Am¡a [wV©Jmb C[ _hmÛr[ _| A§oV_ C[oZd{eH$ ah J`{$& H$m{B© hb oZH$mbZm Oê$ar hm{ J`m Am¡a dh hb E{gm hm{Zm Oê$ar Wm oOgg{ Z{hê$ gaH$ma H$s Bg ZroV H{$ VhV ^r hm{ oH$ ^maV ^yo_ [a H$m{B© odX{er j{Ì ghZ Zht oH$`m Om`{Jm Am¡a ^maV _| \«$m§grgr ]pñV`m| H{$ bm{Jm| H$s gm§ñH¥$oVH$ _hËdmH$m§jmAm| H{$ gmW
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BgobE H§$S>m{o_oZ`_ (g§`wº$ emgZ) H$m odMma Am`m$& `h odMma [hb{ 18dt eVmãXr _| V] [hbr ]ma bm{H oà` hþAm O] N>m{Q>r na`mgV| ApñVËd _| Wt$& ]hþV H$aH{$ d{ AmË_-à{naV Zht Wt Am¡a CÝh| oQ>H$ [mZ{ _| H$oR>ZmB© hm{ ahr Wr$&
Hw$N> _m_bm| _| CÝhm|Z{ _XX Am¡a g§ajU H{$ obE Xm{ amOmAm| g{ A[rb H$s$& CZ oXZm| EH$ H{$ ]Om` Xm{ g§ajH$ hm{Zm Á`mXm gwaojV Wm$& 20 dt eVmãXr _| brJ Am\$ Z{e§g H{$ OÝ_ g{ hmbmV ]Xb{ Am¡a ]mX _| g§`wº$ amï> g§K ]Zm$& A] oH$gr j{Ì H{$ obE EH$ hr emgH$ H$m{ _mÝ`Vm o_b gH$Vr Wr$&
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AH$ga H§$S>m{o_oZ_ H$m{ AñWm`r XOm© hm{Vm h¡, j{Ìr` ñdmo_Ëd, A·ga Vwa§V _§Oya Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm$& CXmhaU H{$ obE o]«oQ>e Am¡a o_g«r gaH$mam| H{$ gyS>mZ _| EH$ H§$S>m{oZ`_ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE 1936 _| EH$ g§oY Cg [a AoYH$ma H$m _wÔm hb hm{ OmZ{ VH$ H{$ obE H$s$&
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b{oH$Z, `h \«$m§g gaH$ma H{$ obE o\$a ^r oXbMñ[r H$s Wr ·`m|oH$ Bgg{ CÝh| g]H{$ obE g§Vm{fOZH$ ñWm`r hb oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE Á`mXm g_` o_bVm Wm$& \«$m§g [m§oS>M{ar H$m{ ^maV _| "\«$m§grgr g§ñH¥$oV H$r oIS>H$s' ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H$m{ ]hþV CËgwH$ Wm, O¡gm oH$ Z{hê$ Z{ IwX 1946 _| H$hm Wm$&
AJa h_ og`mnMZ ½b{oe`a H{$ hb H{$ ]ma{ _| gm{MV{ h¢ Vm{ H§$S>m{o_oZ`_ ñVa H$s Aë[H$mobH$ pñWoV _wÔ{ H$m{ AñWm`r Vm¡a [a R>§S>m aIZ{ H$s oXem _| [hbm H$X_ hm{ gH$Vm h¡, H$_ g{ H$_ ]S>{ _wÔ{ hb hm{Z{ H{$ obE$&
H§$S>m{o_oZ`_ H$m EH$ [hby, Om{ Cg{ A·ga Aì`mdhmnaH$ ]ZmVm h¡, dh j{Ì H$s oZH$Q>Vm H$m àíZ h¡$& Ý`y h{]amBS²g H{$ _m_b{ _| Xm{Zm| X{em| (\«$m§g Am¡a o]«Q>{Z) _| oZH$Q>Vm Zht Wr$& `h Z Vm{ E§S>m{am, oOgH$s ñ[{Z Am¡a \«$m§g H{$ gmW j{Ìr` oZH$Q>Vm h¡, H{$ _m_b{ _| h¡ Z hr og`mnMZ H{$ _m_b{ _|$&
h_ odo^ÝZ Vah H$s H§$S>m{o_oZ`_m| A§Va H$a gH$V{ h¢$& Hw$N> _m_bm| _| g^r ZmJnaH$m| H{$ obE g§`w·V emgZ hm{Vm h¡$& AJa [m§oS>M{ar H$m _m_bm b| Vm{ EH$ àñVmd Vm{ `h Wm oH$ ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam oZ`w·V amÁ`[mb hm{ Am¡a [{nag Ûmam Zm_OX \«$m§grgr JUamÁ` H$m od^mJmÜ`j hm{$& od^mJm| H$m ]§Q>dmam g_mZ hm{Z{ g{ BgH$m _Vb] hm{Vm oH$ ha _m_b{ _| g§`w·V oZU©`$& `h oZpíMV ê$[ H$maJa hb Zht Wm ·`m|oH$ _V^{X H{$ H$B© Adga [¡Xm hm{V{$&
EH$ Xygam VarH$m oOå_{Xmna`m| H{$ ]§Q>dma{ H$m Wm, oOg _m_b{ _| CXmhaU H{$ ]Vm¡a, EH$ [j H$mZyZ Am¡a ì`dñWm, Ý`m`, g§Mma AmoX gåhmbVm Am¡a Xygam [j g§ñH¥$oV, oejm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` X{IVm$& ]§Q>dmam [mañ[naH$ ê$[ g{ V` hm{Zm Wm$& `h EH$ AmgmZ àñVmd Zht Wm ·`m|oH$ oddmX CR>V{ hr CÝh| H$oR>Z àíZm| [a oZU©` H{$ obE g§`w·V ê$[ g{ Zm_OX ì`dñWm H$m{ gm¢[m OmVm$&
Am_ Vm¡a [a Á`mXm Am]mXr hm{Z{ g{ g_ñ`m OoQ>b hm{ OmVr h¡ oOgg{ oZU©` H$aZ{ H$s àoH«$`m _| OZVm§oÌH$ Vm¡a [a gbmh b{Zr hm{Vr h¡$& E§S>m{am H$m{ b|$& 1993 _| [yar Vah g{ ñdV§Ì X{e ]ZZ{ g{ [hb{ H§$S>m{o_oZ`_ H$m\$s AÀN>r Vah g{ H$m_ H$a ahr Wr ·`m|oH$ Am]mXr H$m{ OZVm§oÌH$ XñVmd{Om| H{$ Ona`{ gÎmm H{$ hñVm§VaU Ûmam [yar Am§VnaH$ ñdm`ÎmVm Xr J`r Wr$&
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h_| `mX aIZm hm{Jm oH$ ½b{oe`a 76 oH$bm{_rQ>a b§]m Am¡a 2 g{ 8 oH$bm{_rQ>a VH$ Mm¡S>m h¡$& Xm{ [d©V_mbmAm| -[yd© _| H$mamH$m{a_ Am¡a [píM_ _| gmbVm{am$& `h H$í_ra H{$ Xm{ ohñgm| H{$ ]rM _| pñWV h¡$& ½b{oe`a H$m _wÔm 1980 H{$ XeH$ _| CR>m ·`m|oH$ Cg{ oZYm©naV H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maV Am¡a [moH$ñVmZ H{$ ]rM H$m{B© oZpíMV gr_m Zht h¡$&
1949 H{$ H$amMr g_Pm¡V{ Am¡a 1972 H{$ oe_bm g_Pm¡V{ _| Om{ `wÕ odam_ a{Im H$m{ oZ`§ÌU a{Im H{$ EH$X_ CÎmar q]Xw H$m{ q]Xw-EH$ O{. 9482 ]Vm`m J`m h¡$& Cg_{ ]g BVZm hr H$hm J`m h¡ oH$ Bg q]Xw H{$ AmJ{ a{Im "CÎma ½b{oe`am| VH$' J`r h¡$&
b{oH$Z O¡gm oH$ Z{hê$ Z{ [Mmg H{$ XeH$ H{$ _Ü` _| A·gmB© oMZ H{$ ]ma{ _| [m`m- "Kmg H$s EH$ [Îmr Z hm{Z{' dmb{ ½b{oe`a gm_naH$ ÑpîQ> g{ _hËd[yU© pñWoV hm{ gH$V{ h¢$&
XojU _| q]Xw EZ O{ 9842 g{ ewê$ ½b{oe`a H$m Ý`yZmoYH$ oÌH$m{Ur` ñdê$[ h¡ Om{ CÎma [píM_r oXem _| OmVm h¡ oOgH$s ]Jb _| gmbVm{am [d©V_mbm H{$ oZH$Q> [moH$ñVmZ AoYH¥$V H$í_ra H{$ Hw$N> H$ñ]{ h¢$& dh CÎma[ydu oXem _| H$amH$m{a_ Xa} VH$ \¡$bm h¡$&
hmbm§oH$ Bgg{ àoVîR>m OwS>r h¡, ½b{oe`a H{$ _hËd H$m{ H$m{B© ZH$ma Zht gH$Vm$& `h gM h¡ oH$ AJa oZ`§ÌU a{Im og`mM{Z ½b{oe`a H{$ CÎma[yd© _| J`r h¡ Vm{ H$amH$m{a_ Xa} [a [moH$ñVmZr g{Zm H$m oZ`§ÌU hm{Vm Am¡a Cg{ ^maV emogV H$í_ra H$s ZOa g{ ]mha aIm OmVm$&
oddmX Aà¡b 1984 _| V] ewê$ hþAm O] ^maV H$m{ [Vm Mbm oH$ Bñbm_m]mX Z{ ½b{oe`a H{$ [píM_r ^mJm| H$s g¡a H$aZ{ H$s odX{er [d©Vmam{hr Xbm| H$m{ AZw_oV Xr h¡$& H$ar] V^r [moH$ñVmZr Z·em| _| ½b{oe`a H$m{ "AmOmX' H$í_ra H$m ohñgm oXIm`m OmZm ewê$ hþAm$& ^maVr` g{Zm H$s H$ma©dmB© ewê$ H$aZ{ H{$ Abmdm H$m{B© C[m` Zht ahm oOgg{ Á`mXmVa ohñgm ^maVr` oZ`§ÌU _| Am J`m$&
V] g{ ½b{oe`a H$m{ dm[g hoW`mZ{ Am¡a ^maVr` g{Zm H$m{ hQ>mZ{ H{$ [moH$ñVmZr g{ZmAm| H{$ H$B© Ag\$b à`mgm| H{$ ]mdOyX ^maV Z{ j{Ì [a AoYH$ma aIm$& b{oH$Z oH$g H$s_V [a$& dmVm© H{$ gmV Xm¡a H$s g_ñ`m H$m hb oZH$mbZ{ _| ghm`H$ Zht hþE$&
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[d©Vmam{hU Ao^`mZm| [a am{H$ bJm`r Om gH$Vr h¡$& og\©$ CÝht Ao^`mZm| H$s Ny>Q> hm{ Om{ Xm{ àemgH$m| H$s Am_ gh_oV g{ V` hm{ Am¡a dh ^r og\©$ d¡kmoZH$ AZwg§YmZ H{$ obE$&
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`h Xm{Zm| X{em| H{$ obE VWm ]mH$s Eoe`m H{$ obE ]hþV d¡kmoZH$ bm^ X{Z{ dmbm ^r hm{ gH$Vm h¡ ·`m|oH$ `h [¥Ïdr H{$ EH$ "erVb H|$Ð H$m{ gwaojV aI{Jm Am¡a Bg Vah odíd CîUVm H$s àoH«$`m H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE ^r _hËd[yU© h¡$& `h odemb a{\«$sOa{Q>a ]Z gH$Vm h¡ oOgH$m C[`m{J OrZm| H$m{ gwaojV H{$ obE erV ^§S>ma H$s Vah BñV{_mb oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡$&
àemgH$ C[`w·V g_` [a ½b{oe`a H{$ AÝ` d¡kmoZH$ C[`m{J V` H$a gH$V{ h¢$& AJa g¡oZH$ H$ma©dmB`m| H{$ ]Mm`{ J`{ YZ H$m Xgdm§ ohñgm ^r d¡kmoZH$ AZwg§YmZ H$a IM© oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ odkmZ H$m{ ]hþV ]T>mdm o_b{Jm$&
EH$ oXZ `h gmar XwoZ`m _| Bgr Vah H$s AÝ` g_ñ`mE§ hb H$aZ{ _| CXmhaU ]Z gH$Vm h¡$& ]{eH$ `h g_mZ H$m`© H{$ obE H$m_ H$aH{$ Xm{ X{em| H{$ ]rM odídmg oZ_m©U H$s oXem _| [hbm H$X_ hm{Jm$& _hZm g§V lr AaqdX Z{ AJñV 1947 _| obIm Wm "od^mOZ (^maV Am¡a [moH$ñVmZ H{$ ]rM) IË_ hm|$& [wZJ©oR>V C[ _hmÛr[ H$m g[Zm, àË`{H$ BH$mB© H$s A[Zr ode{fVm ]aH$ama aIZm, CgH$s gaH$ma H$m ñdê$[ Am¡a CgH$m A[Zm odd{H$ oZH$Q> Am gH$Vm h¡$&
Hw$N> oXZ [hb{ ^maV H{$ J¥h_§Ìr Eb. H{$. AmS>dmUr Z{ `h bú` H$aV{ hþE oH$ XwoZ`m ^mar [nadV©Zm| g{ JwOa ahr h¡ Am¡a ha H$Q²Q>a eÌw, O¡g{ Xm{ O_©Zr, o\$a g{ EH$ hm{ J`{ h¢, H$hm Wm, "_wP{ `H$sZ h¡ oH$ dmO[{`r H$s [hb ^maV, [moH$ñVmZ, ]_m©, lrb§H$m Am¡a Z{[mb H$m ^odî` _| _hmg§K ]ZmZ{ H$s oXem _| C[`w·V dmVmdaU [¡Xm H$a{Jm$&' E{gm _hmg§K ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oH$gr H$m{ OrZm grIZm hm{Jm, Bgg{ ^r Á`mXm Oê$ar o_b H$a H$m_ H$aZm hm{Jm$& og`mM{Z H{$ obE H§$S>m{o_oZ`_ EH$ E{gm Adga X{ gH$Vm h¡$&