BrS>às, S>`p_, cpfs, dp¢Np¡rgep L¡$ qs$b¡V$_u âpQu_ k„õL©$rs_¡ kdS>hu R>¡? âpZuip÷, h_õ`qsip÷, `yfpsÒhip÷, d_yóe_ursip÷, c|õsfip÷ L¡$ c|Np¡m_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡ R>¡? rhðrh¿eps rQÓL$pfp¡A¡ v$p¡f¡gp„ rQÓp¡ A_¡ rië`L$pfp¡A¡ L„$X$pf¡gp„ Ad|ëe rië`p¡ Å¡hp_p¡ glphp¡ g¡hp¡ R>¡? cpfsue, Qu_u, S>`p_uT, eyfp¡r`e_, N°uL$ L¡$ fp¡d_ ApV®$ L¡$hu lp¡e A¡ ÅZhy„ R>¡? Brslpk, L$mp A_¡ dpZkh„i kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gp„ sdpd Apòep£_p„ Aæepk L¡$ ÅZL$pfu dpV¡$ `¡qfk, g„X$_, rhe¡_p L¡$ fp¡d S>hp_u S>ê$f _\u. Qpgp¡, hX$p¡v$fp. hX$p¡v$fp_p L$dpV$ubpN L¡$ kepÆfph `pL®$dp„ (S>¡ L$dpV$ubpN sfuL¡$ h^y ÅZusp¡ R>¡) 40,000 õ¼h¡f auV$ rhõspf_p rhipm âpQu_ dL$p_dp„ Ecp L$fpe¡gp çeyrTed_u dygpL$ps¡ v$ffp¡S> 800 S>¡V$gp dygpL$psuAp¡ Aph¡ R>¡. fÅ_p qv$hk¡ Ap k„¿ep h^u_¡ 4,000 S>¡V$gu \C Åe R>¡. Ap çeyrTed_u dygpL$ps¡ Aph_pf kpdpÞe dygpL$psu dep®qv$s kde dpV¡$ çeyrTed_u dygpL$ps¡ Apìep¡ lp¡e sp¡ `Z A¡ Al] k„N°lhpdp„ Aph¡gu 60,000\u h^y hõsyAp¡ Å¡C_¡ A¡V$gp¡ b^p¡ Arcc|s \C Åe R>¡ L¡$ crhóedp„ h^y kde apmhu_¡ afu\u çeyrTed_u dygpL$ps g¡hp_y„ _½$u L$fu _pM¡ R>¡. L$mpfqkL$p¡_¡ S>gkp \C Åe A¡hu L$mpL$pfuNufu_u hõsyAp¡_p¡ k„N°l sp¡ hX$p¡v$fp çeyrTeddp„ R>¡ S>, `f„sy kpdpÞe dpZk_¡ fk `X¡$ A¡hue OZu$ hõsyAp¡ Al] R>¡. k„N°lpge_p õ\p`L$ dlpfpÅ kepÆfph NpeL$hpX$ ÓuÅA¡ C.k. 1895dp„ Mpk BrS>às\u 175 X$p¸gfdp„ Mfuv¡$gy„ ddu A_¡ 71.2 awV$ gp„bp ågy ìl¡g_p lpX$t`S>f_¡ Å¡hpdp„ kpdpÞe dpZkp¡_¡ M|b fk `X¡$ R>¡. `l¡gp„ A¡d d_psy„ lsy„ L¡$ çeyrTeddp„ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡gy„ ddu C.k. `|h£ 1300_y„ lsy„. Apif¡ R> drl_p `l¡gp„ BrS>às\u çeyrTed_u dygpL$ps¡ Aph¡gp Mpk r_óZps X$p¸. BõL„$v$f_p L$l¡hp âdpZ¡ ddu C.k. `|h£ 300_y„ S> R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kpdpÞe dpÞesp lsu A¡_p L$fsp„ 1,000 hj® Ap¡Ry>„ `p¥fprZL$ R>¡. BrS>às\u ddu_¡ S>¡ lpgsdp„ gphhpdp„ Aph¡gy„ A¡ S> lpgsdp„ ApS>¡ `Z R>¡. ddu_u ÅmhZu_p r_óZps X$p¸. BõL„$v$f_¡ Mpk ddu_u dfpds dpV¡$ S> hX$p¡v$fp bp¡gphhpdp„ Apìep lsp.

ky„v$f bNuQpdp„, rhðprdÓ _v$u A_¡ dlpfpÅ kepÆfph eyr_hrk®V$u_u dÝedp„ Aph¡gp k„N°lpgedp„ Ly$$g 21 Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhcpNp¡ R>¡. 1887dp„ çeyrTed_y„ dL$p_ b_phhp_u iê$Aps \C lsu. 1894dp„ dL$p__y„ bp„^L$pd `|fy„ \e¡gy„. 1908dp„ iê$ \e¡gy„ rQÓN¡g¡fu_p dL$p__y„ bp„^L$pd 1914dp„ `|fy„ \e¡gy„. dlpfpÅ kepÆfph ÓuÅA¡ S>¡ dL$p_dp„ çeyrTed_u iê$Aps L$fu lsu A¡ S> dL$p_dp„ ApS>¡ `Z çeyrTed A_¡ rQÓN¡g¡fu R>¡.

Ap`Zp v¡$i_p„ fpÅ-fS>hpX$p„Ap¡_p BrslpkL$pmdp„ dlpfpÅ kepÆfph ÓuÅ_u NZ_p A¡L$ dlp_ fpS>hu sfuL¡$ \pe R>¡. 1875dp„ s¡Ap¡ hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe_u Npv$uA¡ b¡W$p Ðepf¡ hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe_u NZ_p A¡L$ `R>ps fpÄe sfuL¡$ \su lsu. 1939dp„ Äepf¡ A¡d_y„ Ahkp_ \ey„ Ðepf¡ hluhV$\u dp„X$u_¡ Ap^yq_L$spdp„ hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe rb°qV$i ipk_ l¡W$m_p buÅ cpfsue rhõspfp¡ L$fsp„ OÏ„ ApNm lsy„. âÅL$ëepZ dpV¡$ dlpfpÅ kepÆfph¡ AY$mL$ k„õ\pAp¡_u õ\p`_p L$fu lsu. ApS>_p ipkL$p¡ `Z S>¡ âÅL$ëepZ dpV¡$ rhQpfu _\u iL$sp A¡ A¡dZ¡ ApS>\u 100 hj® `l¡gp„ rhQpey¯ lsy„. dlpfpÅ kepÆfph_¡ L$mp, k„õL©$rs A_¡ Brslpkdp„ M|b fk lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ hpf„hpf L$l¡sp L¡$ gp¡L$p¡dp„ rinZ_p¡ ìep` Äep„ ky^u _l] h^¡ Ðep„ ky^u âNqs i¼e _\u. A_¡ i¥nrZL$ l¡sykf S> kepÆfph ÓuÅA¡ çeyrTed_u õ\p`_p L$fhp_y„ _½$u L$ey¯ lsy„. âÅ_¡ rb_`f„`fpNs fus¡ op_ A_¡ dprlsu Ap`u_¡ rirns b_phpe s¡ dpV¡$ dlpfpÅA¡ 1887dp„ çeyrTed iê$ L$fhp_p¡ r_Z®e L$ep£ lsp¡. çeyrTed b_phhp_p Apep¡S>_ dpV¡$ ÅZusp rinZip÷uAp¡ A_¡ rhrh^ rhje_p sS>¹op¡_u Mpk L$qdVu$ b_phhpdp„ Aphu lsu. k„N°lpge dpV¡$ rhrh^ hõsyAp¡ c¡Nu L$fhp dlpfpÅ Ås¡ vy$r_epcf_p v¡$ip¡dp„ Nep lsp. Ap D`fp„s rhrh^ rhjep¡_p r_óZpsp¡_¡ A¡dZ¡ Agæe hõsyAp¡_u Mfuv$u dpV¡$ v¡$i-rhv¡$idp„ rhrh^ õ\mp¡A¡ dp¡L$ëep lsp.

Apf.A¡a. rQklp¡ëd _pd_p rhðrh¿eps ApqL®$V¡$¼V¡$ çeyrTed_p dL$p__u qX$TpB_ s¥epf L$fu lsu. N¡g¡fuhpmp b¡ dpm A_¡ 8 V$phf_p b_¡gp dL$p__u bp„^Zu A¡hp âL$pf_u R>¡ L¡$ dygpL$psuAp¡_¡ k„N°lpge_u hõsyAp¡ Å¡hp_u A_¡ A¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_u kfmsp fl¡. dfpW$p, eyfp¡r`e_ A_¡ dp¡Ng ApqL®$V¡$¼Qf `Ùrs_p¡ D`ep¡N `Z dL$p__u bp„^Zudp„ v¡$Mpe R>¡. rQÓN¡g¡fu_p dL$p__y„ bp„^L$pd eyfp¡r`e_ `Ùrs\u \ey„ R>¡ A_¡ rQÓN¡g¡fu s¡d S> dy¿e çeyrTed_p„ dL$p_p¡_¡ `¡k¡S> hX$¡ Å¡X$hpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡.

kp¥â\d hMs 1895dp„ kpdpÞe âÅ dpV¡$ çeyrTed Myëgy„ d|L$hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. Ðepf `R>u_p„ hjp£ v$frdep_ çeyrTeddp„ Agæe hõsyAp¡_p¡ k„N°l h^sp¡ Nep¡. dlpfpÅ kepÆfph ÓuÅA¡ Ås¡ fk gC çeyrTed_¡ A¡riep_y„ A¡L$ kh®î¡›$ çeyrTed b_pìey„. BV$prge_ rQÓL$pf kfqV$qie_¡ 14du kv$udp„ b_ph¡gy„ `¡B[ÞV„$N "^ X¡$\ Ap¸a `uV$f dpqV®$ef'_u rhðdp„ A¡L$ S> _L$g R>¡, S>¡ hX$p¡v$fp_p çeyrTeddp„ R>¡. 16du kv$udp„ `p¡Vy®$NuT râÞk¡k_p gÁ__u hpV$pOpV$p¡ Qpgsu lsu Ðepf¡ rhrh^ dyfrsepAp¡_¡ A¡d_y„ rQÓ bsphhp dpV¡$ (A¡ hMs¡ L¡$d¡fp_u ip¡^ _lp¡su \C) X$L®$õV|$X$ _pd_p rQÓL$pf `pk¡ `p¡V²£BV$ s¥epf L$fphhpdp„ Apìey lsy„. A¡ rQÓ Mpk rb°V$__p râÞk Qpëk® buÅ_¡ bsphhp dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. "L¡$\¡qf_ Ap¸a b°¡N¡ÞTp' _pd_y„ A¡ rQÓ ApS>¡ hX$p¡v$fp_p çeyrTeddp„ S> R>¡. `yfpsÒh rhcpN_¡ dmu Aph¡gu Agæe S>¥_ ârsdpAp¡ Al] R>¡ sp¡ dp¡l¢Å¡v$fp¡ A_¡ lX$à`p k„õL©$rs_p Ahi¡jp¡_p _d|_p `Z Al] R>¡. 225 L¡$f¡V$ kp¡_p_p 20,000 S>¡V$gp kp¡_p_p rk½$pAp¡, 11du kv$udp„ b_¡gu A[Á_v¡$h "õhplp'_u d|rs®, 12du kv$udp„ b_¡gu kfõhsu dpsp_u A^|fu ârsdp, 15du kv$udp„ d¡hpX$ (fpS>õ\p_)dp„ fpS>`|s fpS>Ly$dpf_y„ b_¡gy„ L$p„kp_y„ `|smy„, 19du kv$udp„ b_sp„ `pV$Z_p„ `V$p¡mp„, BrS>às, rkqfep, BfpL$ A_¡ `ri®epdp„ 13du kv$udp„ b_¡gp„ rkfprdL$_p„ hpkZp¡... Å¡sp„ Å¡sp„ A_¡ Aæepk L$fsp„ L$fsp„ \pL$u S>hpe A¡V$gu b^u Agæe hõsyAp¡ "hX$p¡v$fp çeyrTed A_¡ rQÓN¡g¡fu'dp„ R>¡. _hpC gpN¡ A¡hu hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_y„ d|ëep„L$_ S> Ai¼e R>¡ A¡hu hõsyAp¡ Ap çeyrTeddp„ lp¡hp R>sp„ A¡_u kyfnp dpV¡$ Mpk L$p¡C ìehõ\p _\u. \p¡X$p kde `l¡gp„ A¡L$ AMbpfdp„ Aph¡gp Al¡hpg_¡ kd\®_ Ap`sp„ çeyrTed_p ¼eyf¡V$f$ (k„N°lõ\p__p fM¡hpm) ksui kv$pqih_¡ qfqX$a.L$p¡d_¡ L$üy„, ""kp¡ hj®\u h^y `yfpZp \e¡gp çeyrTed_p dL$p__¡ qf`¡fL$pd_u spsu S>ê$f R>¡. ApW$dp„\u Qpf V$phf_p gpL$X$p_p õs„c d|mõ\p_¡\u Mõep R>¡. dL$p__¡ _yL$kp_ h^u füy„ R>¡ A_¡ Å¡ Aphsp Qp¡dpkp ky^udp„ kfL$pf dfpds dpV¡$ L$p¡C `Ngp„ _l] cf¡ sp¡ vy$O®V$_p `Z k„chu iL¡$.''

Å¡L¡$ buÅ L¡$V$gpL$ ÅZL$pfp¡_p L$l¡hp âdpZ¡ 100 hj®\u AX$uMd Ec¡gp Ap ÅS>fdp_ dL$p__¡ A¡d kl¡gpC\u Ap„Q Aphu iL¡$ A¡d _\u. Å¡L¡$ NyS>fps_p Ad|ëe fÐ_ kdp hX$p¡v$fp_p çeyrTed_u ÅmhZu dpV¡$ k„QpgL$p¡_u L$pdNufu kl¡gu sp¡ _\u S>. Ap dyíL¡$guAp¡ L¡$hu L¡$hu R>¡ s¡d S> S>¡_y„ S>s_ L$fhy„ Ar_hpe® R>¡ A¡hp çeyrTed_u blzd|ëe S>Zkp¡_u Ad|ëe dprlsu, Aphsu L$pg¡ qfqX$a.L$p¡d `f hp„Qp¡.

skhufp¡ : (1) hX$p¡v$fp_y„ L$dpV$ubpN çeyrTed ; (2) S>¥_ su\¯L$f `pð®_p\

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?